Volume 27(1); February 2026  
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Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to present the first issue of the year, featuring three review articles (Stroke and Headache; The Glymphatic/Lymphatic System in Migraine; and Alcohol-Induced Headache), four original papers, and a letter of appreciation to last year's reviewers.
Please find below the link to the table of contents and summaries of the esteemed articles.
Please enjoy, share and cite them.
Thank you for your support and assistance.

Office of Headache and Pain Research
Soo-Jin Cho, Editor-in-Chief; Soo-Kyoung Kim, Deputy Editor

Table of Contents Alert
Editorials

Primary or Secondary Headache Disorders in Moyamoya Disease and Cerebral Infarction: Clinical Challenges and the Potential Role of Non-Vasoconstrictive Migraine Therapies
Soo-Jin Cho
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0002
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Pediatric Headache in Korea: Beyond a Common Complaint to a Chronic Neurological Condition
Yun Jin Lee
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0006
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Review Articles

Headache and Stroke: A Review
Jong S. Kim
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0028
Headache is a common disorder that is usually unaccompanied by focal neurological dysfunction. Less commonly, headache may be associated with central nervous system diseases such as stroke. Headache can occur at the time of stroke onset, but it may also precede or follow the onset of stroke. Nevertheless, headaches associated with stroke have not been sufficiently studied, in part because stroke physicians are primarily focused on diagnosis, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, imaging findings, and treatment (e.g., thrombolysis and endovascular therapy) rather than on headache. In this narrative review, I describe the frequency and characteristics of headache across various stroke subtypes, including ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and other miscellaneous conditions such as venous infarction, arterial dissection, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
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Brain Glymphatic and Lymphatic Systems in Migraine: Mechanistic Insights and Neuromodulation Perspectives with an Emphasis on Ultrasound-Based Approaches
Jaeho Kim
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0003
Migraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder in which established pathophysiological mechanisms, including trigeminovascular activation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling, do not fully account for interindividual susceptibility, chronification, or treatment refractoriness. Advances in neurobiology have drawn attention to brain clearance pathways, specifically the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, as potential modulators of neuroinflammation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)...
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Alcohol-Induced Headache: A Narrative Review Based on Migraine Pathophysiology
Woo-Seok Ha
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0027
Alcohol-induced headache (AIH) is one of the most common headache experiences and is associated with a substantial socioeconomic burden; however, its pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical classification remain inadequately defined. Accumulating evidence indicates that AIH shares key biological pathways with migraine, particularly involving activation of the trigeminovascular system and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling. Although currently available hangover remedies are supported...
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Original Articles

Natural Diagnostic Classes of Headache Disorders: Latent Class Analysis of a Population-Based Study
Wonwoo Lee, Seok-Jae Heo, Jungyon Yum, Min Kyung Chu
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0004

Purpose: The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3), defines headache diagnoses based on combinations of clinical symptoms. Diagnostic overlap is common, and symptom variability complicates diagnostic classification. We evaluated natural classes of headache disorders using a statistical approach and compared these classes with ICHD-3 diagnostic categories. Methods: Data from a nationwide, population-based web survey on headache and sleep conducted in South Korea (n=3,030) were analyzed. Participants who reported headache within the past year (n=1,938) were included. Latent class analysis was performed using categorical ICHD-3 diagnostic criteria to identify distinct classes. The characteristics of each class and the distribution of ICHD-3 primary headache diagnoses were examined. Results: Nine classes were identified, comprising 626, 54, 248, 148, 187, 143, 79, 61, and 392 individuals. Three classes were tension-type headache (TTH)–like: Class 1 was male-dominant mild bilateral TTH, Class 8 represented classic, severe TTH, and Class 9 was mild unilateral TTH. Class 4 showed a typical migraine phenotype and contained most migraine cases. Classes 5 and 6 were dominated by probable migraine (PM) and differed mainly in sensory sensitivity and disability, which were higher in Class 6. Classes 2, 3, and 7 were categorized as “other headache.” Class 2 had the highest prevalence of medication-overuse headache (MOH), whereas Class 3 was characterized by mild headache with nausea. Class 7 showed a mixed-type profile with prominent photophobia. Severity and central sensitization markers were key classifiers. Conclusion: Latent class analysis identified nine clinically distinct headache classes. PM was clearly distinct from both TTH and migraine. One subtype within the “other headache” class showed the highest MOH burden.

The Impact of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies on Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness in Migraine Patients: A Multicenter Study
Rita Cagigal, Ângelo Fonseca, Bárbara Martins, Catarina Fernandes, Sandra Palma, Carolina Guerreiro, Carla Morgado, Diana Valente, Miguel Miranda, Joana Silva, Miguel Saianda-Duarte, Sofia Casanova, Mariana Branco, Ana Luísa Rocha, Henrique Delgado, Elsa Parreira, Filipe Palavra
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0022

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether patients with migraine experience improvements in self-reported sleep quality and daytime sleepiness after starting monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor, and to explore the association between treatment efficacy and improvements in sleep quality. Methods: This prospective, multicenter, observational, longitudinal study was conducted across 12 headache centers. Adults...
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Cerebrovascular Hemodynamic Responses to Breath-Holding in Migraine: A Longitudinal Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Comparing a Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibody and Oral Preventive Treatment
Dong A. Yea, Jong Kwan Choi, Yoo Hwan Kim
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0029

Purpose: Altered cerebrovascular reactivity has been reported in migraine; however, longitudinal changes during preventive treatment remain unclear. This observational study aimed to describe and compare longitudinal cerebrovascular responses derived from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a breath-holding test between patients treated with a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibody and those receiving oral preventive medications. Methods: Twenty-four patients with migraine were...

Adult-Onset versus Pediatric-Onset Episodic Cluster Headaches: Results from the Korean Cluster Headache Registry
Pil-Wook Chung, Byung-Su Kim, Jeong-Wook Park, Jong-Hee Sohn, Mi Ji Lee, Byung-Kun Kim, Min Kyung Chu, Tae-Jin Song, Soo-Kyoung Kim, Heui-Soo Moon, Kyungmi Oh, Soo-Jin Cho
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare clinical characteristics between pediatric-onset and adult-onset cluster headache (CH) using data from the Korean Cluster Headache Registry, a nationwide, prospective, multicenter registry. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study analyzed data collected over a 4-year period from a prospective multicenter registry. A total of 337 patients aged ≥19 years with episodic CH were included. Participants were classified...
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Letter to the Editor

The honored list of reviewer in 2025
DOI: http://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0001
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Headache and Pain Research (Headache Pain Res; pISSN: 3022-9057, eISSN: 3022-4764) publishes original articles, review articles, case report, letter to the editor, editorial, and perspective on all aspects of Headache and Pain Research. The main topics include migraine, cluster headache, tension-type headache, intracranial hypotension, intracranial hypertension, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, other primary or secondary headache disorders, and issues related headache and pain such as dizziness, psychological, and cognitive problems. Headache and Pain Research is the official journal of Korean Headache Society, and aims to grow into an international journal and welcomes outstanding editorial board members and submissions from all over the world.

It is an Open Access journal, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. There is no article processing charge. Headache and Pain Research is published 3 times (the last day of February, June, and October) a year.
Editorial Office
Department of Neurology at Nowon Eulji Medical, Eulji University Hospital
68, Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
E-mail: office@e-hpr.org
Copyright © The Korean Headache Society.